1,5-Anhydro-D-glucitol derivative and galloylated flavonoids isolated from the leaves of Acer ginnala Maxim. as dual inhibitors of PTP1B and α-glucosidase enzymes: In vitro and in silico studies

Four undescribed compounds (two 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol derivatives and two galloyl derivatives) and fourteen known compounds were isolated and structurally identified from leaves of Acer ginnala Maxim. (Amur maple). Structures and absolute configurations of the four undescribed compounds were determined using extensive analysis of NMR spectroscopic, HRESI-MS, modified Mosher ester method, and comparison with spectroscopic data of known compounds. Bioactivity evaluation revealed that the isolated 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol derivative, galloylated flavonol rhamnosides, and galloylated flavanols had inhibitory effects on both protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B, IC₅₀ values ranging of 3.46–12.65 μM) and α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ values ranging of 0.88–6.06 μM) in comparison with a positive control for PTP1B (ursolic acid, IC₅₀ = 5.10 μM) or α-glucosidase (acarbose, IC₅₀ = 141.62 μM). A combination of enzyme kinetic analysis and molecular docking provided additional evidence in favor of their inhibitory activities and mechanism. These data demonstrate that A. ginnala Maxim. together with its constituents are promising sources of potent candidates for developing novel anti-diabetic medications.