TY - JOUR
T1 - Anatomical Study of the Infraorbital Nerve and Surrounding Structures for the Surgery of Orbital Floor Fractures
AU - Nam, Yong Seok
AU - Bahk, Sujin
AU - Eo, Su Rak
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 by Mutaz B. Habal, MD.
PY - 2017/6/1
Y1 - 2017/6/1
N2 - The infraorbital nerve (ION) can easily be damaged by orbital trauma and periorbital surgical manipulations, due to its abutment to the orbital floor. Anatomic variability of the ION and surrounding structures has infrequently been documented. The aim of this study is to give precise anatomical knowledge about the ION with surrounding structures, to avoid iatrogenic injury of the ION during periorbital procedures. Forty orbits of 40 skull subjects (20 males and 20 females) were studied to analyze structures around the ION. The authors located the ION, infraorbital canal/groove (IOC/G), and infraorbital foramen (IOF), using several reference points. The various distances were also measured between those structures, and statistically analyzed. The authors compared the left and right sides, and analyzed the differences between both sexes. The IOF was also investigated regarding the shape and presence of the accessory IOF. Three different types of orbital floor osseous anatomy were made based on macroscopic analysis. Type 1 shows no groove, and the ION enters the canal covered by the roof (5 patients, 12.5%). Type 2 revealed a pseudocanal, which has a very thin, almost transparent roof (26 patients, 65.0%). Type 3 consists of the ION traveling in a true groove, before entering an IOC (9 patients, 22.5%). IOG/C complexes took the upward lateral course, until exiting via the IOF. The mean±SD length of the IOC was 12.86±3.79mm, and of the IOG was 16.15±2.88mm. The calculated combined mean length of the IOC/G complex was found to be 29.01±3.17mm. An accessory IOF was found in 35% of the skulls (50% in male and 20% in female skulls), with a higher frequency on the left side in both male and female skulls. These results can increase the authors' knowledge of the anatomic variability of the infraorbital region, and help facial plastic surgeons during their surgical manipulations prevent any possible iatrogenic injury of the ION.
AB - The infraorbital nerve (ION) can easily be damaged by orbital trauma and periorbital surgical manipulations, due to its abutment to the orbital floor. Anatomic variability of the ION and surrounding structures has infrequently been documented. The aim of this study is to give precise anatomical knowledge about the ION with surrounding structures, to avoid iatrogenic injury of the ION during periorbital procedures. Forty orbits of 40 skull subjects (20 males and 20 females) were studied to analyze structures around the ION. The authors located the ION, infraorbital canal/groove (IOC/G), and infraorbital foramen (IOF), using several reference points. The various distances were also measured between those structures, and statistically analyzed. The authors compared the left and right sides, and analyzed the differences between both sexes. The IOF was also investigated regarding the shape and presence of the accessory IOF. Three different types of orbital floor osseous anatomy were made based on macroscopic analysis. Type 1 shows no groove, and the ION enters the canal covered by the roof (5 patients, 12.5%). Type 2 revealed a pseudocanal, which has a very thin, almost transparent roof (26 patients, 65.0%). Type 3 consists of the ION traveling in a true groove, before entering an IOC (9 patients, 22.5%). IOG/C complexes took the upward lateral course, until exiting via the IOF. The mean±SD length of the IOC was 12.86±3.79mm, and of the IOG was 16.15±2.88mm. The calculated combined mean length of the IOC/G complex was found to be 29.01±3.17mm. An accessory IOF was found in 35% of the skulls (50% in male and 20% in female skulls), with a higher frequency on the left side in both male and female skulls. These results can increase the authors' knowledge of the anatomic variability of the infraorbital region, and help facial plastic surgeons during their surgical manipulations prevent any possible iatrogenic injury of the ION.
KW - Distance
KW - iatrogenic injury
KW - infraorbital canal/groove
KW - infraorbital nerve
KW - periorbital procedure
KW - reference points
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85011283169&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1097/SCS.0000000000003416
DO - 10.1097/SCS.0000000000003416
M3 - Article
C2 - 28145925
AN - SCOPUS:85011283169
SN - 1049-2275
VL - 28
SP - 1099
EP - 1104
JO - Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
JF - Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
IS - 4
ER -