TY - JOUR
T1 - Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries
T2 - A review
AU - Adelodun, Bashir
AU - Ajibade, Fidelis Odedishemi
AU - Ighalo, Joshua O.
AU - Odey, Golden
AU - Ibrahim, Rahmat Gbemisola
AU - Kareem, Kola Yusuff
AU - Bakare, Hashim Olalekan
AU - Tiamiyu, Abdul Gafar Olatunji
AU - Ajibade, Temitope F.
AU - Abdulkadir, Taofeeq Sholagberu
AU - Adeniran, Kamoru Akanni
AU - Choi, Kyung Sook
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 Elsevier Inc.
PY - 2021/1
Y1 - 2021/1
N2 - Water is an essential resource required for various human activities such as drinking, cooking, and other recreational activities. While developed nations have made significant improvement in providing adequate quality water and sanitation devoid of virus contaminations to a significant percentage of the residences, many of the developing countries are still lacking in these regards, leading to many death cases among the vulnerable due to ingestion of virus-contaminated water and other waterborne pathogens. However, the recent global pandemic of COVID-19 seems to have changed the paradigm by reawakening the importance of water quality and sanitation, and focusing more attention on the pervasive effect of the use of virus-contaminated water as it can be a potential driver for the spread of the virus and other waterborne diseases, especially in developing nations that are characterized by low socioeconomic development. Therefore, this review assessed the socioeconomic inequalities related to the usage of virus-contaminated water and other waterborne pathogens in developing countries. The socioeconomic factors attributed to the various waterborne diseases due to the use of virus-contaminated water in many developing countries are poverty, the standard of living, access to health care facilities, age, gender, and level of education. Some mitigation strategies to address the viral contamination of water sources are therefore proposed, while future scope and recommendations on tackling the essential issues related to socioeconomic inequality in developing nations are highlighted.
AB - Water is an essential resource required for various human activities such as drinking, cooking, and other recreational activities. While developed nations have made significant improvement in providing adequate quality water and sanitation devoid of virus contaminations to a significant percentage of the residences, many of the developing countries are still lacking in these regards, leading to many death cases among the vulnerable due to ingestion of virus-contaminated water and other waterborne pathogens. However, the recent global pandemic of COVID-19 seems to have changed the paradigm by reawakening the importance of water quality and sanitation, and focusing more attention on the pervasive effect of the use of virus-contaminated water as it can be a potential driver for the spread of the virus and other waterborne diseases, especially in developing nations that are characterized by low socioeconomic development. Therefore, this review assessed the socioeconomic inequalities related to the usage of virus-contaminated water and other waterborne pathogens in developing countries. The socioeconomic factors attributed to the various waterborne diseases due to the use of virus-contaminated water in many developing countries are poverty, the standard of living, access to health care facilities, age, gender, and level of education. Some mitigation strategies to address the viral contamination of water sources are therefore proposed, while future scope and recommendations on tackling the essential issues related to socioeconomic inequality in developing nations are highlighted.
KW - Developing countries
KW - Drinking water
KW - Inequality
KW - Socioeconomic
KW - Virus contamination
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85092918166&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110309
DO - 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110309
M3 - Article
C2 - 33045227
AN - SCOPUS:85092918166
SN - 0013-9351
VL - 192
JO - Environmental Research
JF - Environmental Research
M1 - 110309
ER -