Carbon nanomaterials and metallic nanoparticles-incorporated electrochemical sensors for small metabolites: Detection methodologies and applications

Detection of small metabolite biomarkers at different concentrations could be powerfully used for disease diagnosis and progression. To enhance detection capabilities, nanomaterials possessing excellent optical and electrochemical properties have been integrated into a wide range of sensing or detection platforms. This review will highlight recent developments in creating electrochemical sensors alongside biosensors using carbon nanomaterials and metallic nanoparticles that target small metabolites. Moreover, electrochemical sensors having different detection strategies toward metabolites (such as amino acids, amino acid–derived neurotransmitters, vitamins, adenosine triphosphate, and purine derivatives) will be discussed. Finally, certain challenging issues and future aspects of nanomaterials-integrated electrochemical sensors for small metabolites will be discussed.