Development of ZnO–BaO–B₂O₃–TeO₂ glass doped with Sm³⁺ for orange emitting material

Zinc barium borotellurite glass samples were synthesized with the chemical composition of 10ZnO–30BaO–30B₂O₃-(30-x)TeO₂-xSm₂O₃ (where 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 1.50 in mol%). Several techniques for XRD, FTIR, absorption, luminescence and decay time measurements were used to investigate the structural and spectroscopic properties. It was found that the XRD patterns revealed amorphous nature of the glass samples. The structural modification of (TeO₄) trigonal bipyramid structural units was observed using FTIR spectroscopy. The UV–VIS–NIR absorption spectra displayed seven absorption peaks corresponding to the energy transitions from the ground level ⁶H_5/2 to ⁶F_11/2 (947 nm), ⁶F_9/2 (1085 nm), ⁶F_7/2(1238 nm), ⁶F_5/2 (1385 nm), ⁶F_3/2 (1492 nm), ⁶H_15/2 (1550 nm), and ⁶F_1/2 (1589 nm) excited levels of Sm³⁺ ion. For the emission spectra, four peaks revealed the transitions ⁴G_5/2 → ⁶H_5/2 (563 nm), ⁶H_7/2 (601 nm), ⁶H_9/2 (644 nm) and ⁶H_11/2 (705 nm). The phenomenological intensity parameters Ω_λ (λ = 2, 4, 6) according to Judd–Ofelt theory were calculated. The J-O parameters have been used to forecast several radiative properties such as transition probability (A_R), branching ratio (β_R) and stimulated emission-cross-sections (σ_p) in ⁴G_5/2 excitation level of samarium ion. The decay patterns of the ⁴G_5/2 level were fitted using non exponential as well as Inokuti–Hirayama (IH) model. The luminescence spectra of Sm³⁺ ion of the glasses was analyzed with The CIE chromaticity color coordinates. According to the CIE coordinates, it was located in the boundary of orange light in the CIE diagram. All of the results indicated that these glass compositions could be used for preparing a material which will be a potential candidate for laser applications.