Effect of chlorophyll reduction in Arabidopsis thaliana by methyl jasmonate or norflurazon on antioxidant systems

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and norflurazon (NF) treatments resulted in a substantial decrease in photosynthetic activities and chlorophylls (Chls) in Arabidopsis thaliana plants, causing a senescence-like yellowing and a bleaching in MeJA- and NF-treated plants, respectively. Non-radiative energy dissipation through q_N and non-photochemical quenching increased greatly in NF-treated plants in concomitance with an increase in photoprotectants antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin from interconversion of violaxanthin, although they were not changed in MeJA-treated plants. A significant accumulation of anthocyanin was observed only in MeJA-treated plants, not in NF-treated plants. Total activities of catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7), superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) and glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) increased greatly in response to MeJA, particularly a 100-fold increase in POD activity 7 days after MeJA treatment. NF application to plants exhibited less increase in antioxidant enzymes than MeJA-treated plants. NF-treated young leaves had a greater decline in Chls and CAT activity, and less zeaxanthin accumulation compared to NF-treated mature leaves, indicating that NF-treated young leaves are more susceptible to excess light exposure and a possible photooxidative stress. Both MeJA- and NF-treated Arabidopsis plants suffered destruction of Chls, however, they developed differential antioxidant responses during the stress, in large part by an increased anthocyanin level in the epidermis and enzymatic antioxidants in MeJA-treated plants and by accumulation of antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin, and enhanced energy dissipation in NF-treated plants.