Efficient global and local force calculations based on continuum sensitivity analysis

Equations derived from the continuum design sensitivity analysis (CDSA), in conjunction with the material derivatives for a continuous medium and using the energy-based approach, have been successfully applied to the calculation of both total force and force distributions. The resultant expressions are similar to the Maxwell Stress Tensor, Magnetic Charge Method, and Virtual Work Method but have several advantages over the traditional approaches. Numerical implementation of the scheme leads to efficient calculations and improved accuracy.