Evaluation of potential nonisothermal processes and heat transport during CO₂ sequestration

Injection of CO₂ may perturb subsurface temperatures, leading to a dynamic temperature system in the storage formation and adjacent seal strata. In most cases, the individual effects from wellbore dynamics, solvation reactions, and phase changes are incremental, but collectively these relevant processes may cause significant temperature changes compared to ambient conditions. In this work, we evaluated several potential nonisothermal effects resulting from CO₂ injection activity. These include the Joule-Thomson (heating and cooling) effect, exothermic CO₂ dissolution, and heat changes associated with concomitant water vaporization. Results suggest that three effects: a) the adiabatic (de-) compression of CO₂, b) the frictional energy losses, and c) conductive heat exchange between the injected CO₂ and surrounding fluid/rock, govern the resulting CO₂ thermal profiles within an injection well. In addition, as supercritical-phase CO₂ comes into contact with formation brine, the CO₂ will dissolve into the aqueous phase, and such dissolution is exothermic at typical conditions for CO₂ sequestration. However, we still seek a better understanding of heat effects associated with water vaporization into the supercritical-phase CO₂. Finally, sensitivity studies, simulating supercritical-phase CO₂ injection into a 1-D radially symmetric domain, are conducted to evaluate the magnitude of different heat disequilibrium potentials and spatial location in the CO₂ plume affected by thermal processes. In addition, time-scales associated with migration rates of temperature fronts, pressure pulses, and dissolved- and supercritical-phase CO₂ profiles are investigated with a function of heat capacities of rock, different effective thermal conductivities, permeabilities, and porosities. Our results demonstrate that adiabatic CO ₂ compression occurring in injection wells could have the most significant impact on the temperature change whilst the exothermic CO ₂ dissolution occurred at the largest spatial domain.