Exploration of cytogenetic traits of Allium species endemic to Korea for novel ornamental cultivar breeding using FISH technique and RAPD markers

This study performed a comprehensive cytogenetic and phylogenetic analysis of 12 Korean endemic Allium taxa to provide a foundation for ornamental breeding. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) loci mapping via fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed conserved 45 S rDNA loci patterns but highly variable 5 S rDNA loci distributions, reflecting dynamic chromosomal evolution. Chromosome counting identified eight diploid (2n = 2x = 16) and four tetraploid (2n = 4x = 32) taxa, with B chromosomes detected in A. longistylum and two A. thunbergii varieties. Phylogenetic analyses combining RAPD markers and rDNA loci patterns elucidated genetic relationships and hybridization potential among taxa. Promising breeding traits, including extended blooming periods, vibrant flower colors, and diverse leaf morphologies, were identified in taxa such as A. thunbergii and A. senescens. These findings demonstrate the utility of integrating molecular and cytogenetic data in selecting compatible parental lines and designing breeding strategies. This study provides a robust framework for developing novel ornamental Allium cultivars with improved genetic diversity and aesthetic value. Future research should explore the inheritance of key traits and apply advanced genomic tools to optimize hybridization outcomes.