Functionalized lanthanide oxide nanoparticles for tumor targeting, medical imaging, and therapy

Recent progress in functionalized lanthanide oxide (Ln₂ O₃ ) nanoparticles for tumor target-ing, medical imaging, and therapy is reviewed. Among the medical imaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important noninvasive imaging tool for tumor diagnosis due to its high spatial resolution and excellent imaging contrast, especially when contrast agents are used. However, commercially available low-molecular-weight MRI contrast agents exhibit several shortcomings, such as nonspecificity for the tissue of interest and rapid excretion in vivo. Recently, nanoparticle-based MRI contrast agents have become a hot research topic in biomedical imaging due to their high performance, easy surface functionalization, and low toxicity. Among them, functionalized Ln₂ O₃ nanoparticles are applicable as MRI contrast agents for tumor-targeting and nontumor-targeting imaging and image-guided tumor therapy. Primarily, Gd₂ O₃ nanoparticles have been intensively investigated as tumor-targeting T₁ MRI contrast agents. T₂ MRI is also possible due to the appre-ciable paramagnetic moments of Ln₂ O₃ nanoparticles (Ln = Dy, Ho, and Tb) at room temperature arising from the nonzero orbital motion of 4f electrons. In addition, Ln₂ O₃ nanoparticles are eligi-ble as X-ray computed tomography contrast agents because of their high X-ray attenuation power. Since nanoparticle toxicity is of great concern, recent toxicity studies on Ln₂ O₃ nanoparticles are also discussed.