Generation and molecular characterization of marker-free Bt transgenic rice plants by selectable marker-less transformation

Public concern about the safety of genetically modified (GM) crops and potential pleiotropic effects of selectable marker gene insertion and expression can be avoided by developing a selectable marker-free transformation system. Various techniques have been developed to produce marker-free transgenic plants; however, an approach that does not require the use of selectable marker genes would not require post-transformation processes. We report such a method for generating of GM rice plants. To develop transgenic rice resistant to lepidopteran insects, a marker-free binary vector harboring the Bacillus thuringiensismcyr1Ac gene was constructed and used for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of rice scutellar calli. Initial screening of putative T₀ transgenic rice plants was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on pools of DNA from 15 to 30 regenerated shoots, followed by genomic DNA PCR and Cry1Ac ImmunoStrip assays of individual plant extracts. Although the overall rice transformation efficiency of the non-selection approach is lower than that of traditional rice transformation by using marker genes, we derived six independent homozygous T₃ events from Cry+ T0 shoots. Transgenes were detected and inheritance confirmed using DNA PCR, RT-PCR, and Southern blot analysis, and insertion sites were characterized by the sequencing of DNA flanking the transgenes. The transgene expression of cry1Ac was also stable and effective against rice leaf folder at levels comparable to those of a transgenic plant that had been derived by selection. This method could be applied to other plant species with similar transformation efficiencies to create selectable-marker-free transgenic plants for research and commercial uses.