Highly-selective xenon–krypton separation using hydrate-based technology

Xenon (Xe) and krypton (Kr) are used in many important industries such as lighting, lasers, double glazing for insulation, and medicine. As Xe and Kr are found in extremely low concentrations in the atmosphere, only small quantities of the mixture of these gases are obtained as byproducts from air separation processes. As the further separation of Kr from Xe is achieved via a costly energy-intensive cryogenic distillation method, the development of a new cost-effective approach for Xe–Kr separation is essential. In this study, we demonstrated that clathrate hydrates can be used as a promising Xe trap to separate a Xe–Kr mixture and produce Kr-rich vapors. The Xe and Kr guest distributions in mixed clathrate hydrates were experimentally identified using powder X-ray diffraction, solid-state ¹²⁹Xe NMR spectroscopy, and gas chromatography. The mixed Xe + Kr hydrates have a Pm3¯n structure, termed structure I (sI), regardless of the concentration of Xe in the feed vapor in the range of 3% to 100%, and the sI hydrate selectively captures Xe from the feed mixture. The phase equilibria of the mixed Xe + Kr hydrates were also investigated, and it was confirmed that the hydrate-based Xe–Kr separation process requires milder temperature conditions than the cryogenic distillation process. Overall, the findings in this work suggest that the hydrate-based Xe–Kr separation process is an excellent alternative to the energy-intensive cryogenic distillation method.