Highly sensitive detection of environmental toxic fenitrothion in fruits and water using a porous graphene oxide nanosheets based disposable sensor

Monitoring fenitrothion (FNT) residues in food and the environment is crucial due to its high environmental toxicity. In this study, we developed a sensitive, reliable electrochemical method for detecting FNT by using screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) modified with porous graphene oxide (PGO) nanosheets. PGO surface properties have been meticulously characterized using advanced spectroscopic techniques. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were used to test the electrochemical properties of the PGO-modified sensor. The PGO-modified sensor exhibited remarkable sensitivity, achieving a detection limit as low as 0.061 μM and a broad linear range of 0.02–250 μM. Enhanced performance is due to PGO's high surface area and excellent electrocatalytic properties, which greatly improved electron transfer. Square wave voltammetry was used to demonstrate the sensor's efficacy as a real-time, on-site monitoring tool for FNT residues in fruit and water. The outstanding performance of the PGO/SPCE sensor underscores its applicability in ensuring food safety and environmental protection.