Human urine-derived stem cells seeded surface modified composite scaffold grafts for bladder reconstruction in a rat model

We conducted this study to investigate the synergistic effect of human urine-derived stem cells (USCs) and surface modified composite scaffold for bladder reconstruction in a rat model. The composite scaffold (Polycaprolactone/Pluronic F127/3 wt% bladder submucosa matrix) was fabricated using an immersion precipitation method, and heparin was immobilized on the surface via covalent conjugation. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was loaded onto the heparin-immobilized scaffold by a simple dipping method. In maximal bladder capacity and compliance analysis at 8 weeks post operation, the USCsscaffold^heparin-bFGF group showed significant functional improvement (2.34 ± 0.25 mL and 55.09 ± 11.81 μL/cm H₂O) compared to the other groups (2.60 ± 0.23 mL and 56.14 ± 9.00 μL/cm H₂O for the control group, 1.46 ± 0.18 mL and 34.27 ± 4.42 μL/cm H₂O for the partial cystectomy group, 1.76 ± 0.22 mL and 35.62 ± 6.69 μL/cm H₂O for the scaffold group, and 1.92 ± 0.29 mL and 40.74 ± 7.88 μL/cm H₂O for the scaffold^heparin-bFGF group, respectively). In histological and immunohistochemical analysis, the USC-scaffold^heparin-bFGF group showed pronounced, well-differentiated, and organized smooth muscle bundle formation, a multi-layered and pan-cytokeratin-positive urothelium, and high condensation of submucosal area. The USCs seeded scaffold^heparin-bFGF exhibits significantly increased bladder capacity, compliance, regeneration of smooth muscle tissue, multi-layered urothelium, and condensed submucosa layers at the in vivo study.