In vitro antiproliferative characteristics of flavonoids and diazepam on SNU-C4 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells

The need for beneficial use of sedatives in oncologic patients is increasing. Therefore, in this study, antiproliferative characteristics of herbal and synthetic sedatives were examined in vitro in SNU-C4 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Apigenin (50% inhibition concentration, IC₅₀ = 1.8 ± 0.5 μM) and diazepam (IC₅₀ = 7.0 ± 0.5 μM) showed concentration-dependent inhibition of SNU-C4 cancer cell survival. Efficacy of cancer cell survival inhibition by apigenin and diazepam was much lower than that of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a known chemotherapeutic drug. However, 10^-6 M concentration of apigenin and diazepam potentiated 5-FU-induced cytotoxicity. In SNU-C4 cells, 10^-6 M concentrations of diazepam, flumazenil (Ro15-1788), Ro5-4864, or PK11195, all ligands for central- or peripheral-type benzodiazepine (BZD) receptors, inhibited cell survival like the flavonoid apigenin (4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavone) and fisetin (3,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxyflavone). Also like the plant flavonoids, treatment with 10^-6 M concentration of diazepam for 3 days hardly affect the peripheral-type BZD receptor (PBR) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and inhibited glucose utilization of SNU-C4 cells. Treatment with flavonoids or diazepam for 6 days upregulated PBR mRNA expression and cell cytotoxicity of SNU-C4 cells. Furthermore, treatment with 10^-6 M concentration of apigenin, a natural sedative material originating from traditional herbs, positively modulated BZD-induced antiproliferative cytotoxicity in SNU-C4 cells. Overall, the in vitro antiproliferative activity on SNU-C4 cancer cells of herbal sedatives, such as apigenin, plus additive enhancement of synthetic BZD- and 5-FU-induced antiproliferative activities, were shown. In conclusion, this study provides experimental basis for advanced trial in the future.