Key engineering criteria for developing next-generation catalysts in advanced Haber–Bosch ammonia synthesis process: From laboratory studies to commercialization

Commercializing a catalyst developed in the laboratory is the aspiration of every catalyst researcher, but this step is highly challenging. This Perspective outlines the basic engineering criteria for developing next-generation catalysts capable of meeting the increasing global demand for renewable, carbon-free ammonia (NH₃). A range of key technical and economic factors, extending from active site-scale considerations to process-scale viewpoints are presented. These are operation conditions, activity, long-term stability, formability, and marketability, and their quantitative criteria are proposed to ensure the practicality of the catalyst product. By addressing these interconnected criteria, this Perspective aims to bridge the gap between innovation in laboratory and industrial application, paving the way for a valuable future in catalyst research and development.