Planetary Boundary-Layer Structure at an Inland Urban Site under Sea Breeze Penetration

We evaluated the performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model in simulating the boundary-layer structure at an urban site in Seoul on two clear summer days against observations made using a ceilometer, a Doppler wind lidar, and a microwave radiometer. The planetary boundary-layer height (PBLH) was estimated from two different methods using observations: the ceilometer-based method (CBM) and bulk Richardson number method (BRM). The maximum PBLH was well captured by the model but PBLH was underestimated in the late afternoon and evening. To examine the cause for underestimation of PBLH in the evening, we compared the wind and virtual potential temperature structure between the simulation and observations. The model captured the timing of the sea breeze well, but it considerably overestimated the intensity of the simulated sea breeze, resulting in an overestimated cold advection by a sea breeze. The effect of the overestimated cold advection on evening PBLH was greater when the sea breeze arrived in the late afternoon and hence the vertical extent of the sea breeze was shallow. This study underscores the importance of accurately simulating the sea breeze for PBLH prediction in the evening, over the inland urban areas under sea breeze penetration.