Reactivity, chemical structure, and molecular mobility of urea-formaldehyde adhesives synthesized under different conditions using FTIR and solid-state ¹³C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of reaction pH condition and hardener type on the reactivity, chemical structure, and molecular mobility of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins. Three different reaction pH conditions, such as alkaline (7.5), weak acid (4.5), and strong acid (1.0), were used to synthesize UF resins, which were cured by adding four different hardeners (ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium citrate, and zinc nitrate) to measure gel time as the reactivity. FTIR and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopies were used to study the chemical structure of the resin prepared under three different reaction pH conditions. The gel time of UF resins decreased with an increase in the amount of ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium citrate added in the resins, whereas the gel time increased when zinc nitrate was added. Both FTIR and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopies showed that the strong reaction pH condition produced uronic structures in UF resin, whereas both alkaline and weak-acid conditions produced quite similar chemical species in the resins. The proton rotating-frame spin-lattice relaxation time (T_1ρH) decreased with a decrease in the reaction pH of UF resin. This result indicates that the molecular mobility of UF resin increases with a decrease in the reaction pH used during its synthesis.