Release characteristics of molasses from a well-type barrier system in groundwater: A large test tank study for nitrate removal

A pilot-scale study was conducted to characterize the performance of molasses' release from a well-type barrier system harboring solidifying molasses named slowly released molasses (SRM) as a reactive medium to promote indigenous denitrifying activity. A SRM rod was made by mixing molasses with paraffin wax, cellulose, and silica sands in a cylindrical mold. Two SRM systems harboring 30 and 60 SRM rods, referred to as Systems A and B, respectively, were constructed in a large flow tank (L × W × D = 8 m × 4 m × 2 m) filled with natural sands. These two systems continuously delivered molasses with groundwater flow over 96 days, with decreasing molasses' concentrations ranging from 763 to 95 and 1,150 to 183 mg L^-1 as chemical oxygen demand values (COD) for Systems A and B, respectively. From simulation results with an aid of the upscaled mass transfer function (MTF) model, the molasses' mass flux was slowly decreased with time, exhibiting 57, 11, and 3 mg COD day^-1 in 10, 100, and 365 days in System A, and 138, 25, and 6 mg COD day^-1 in System B, respectively; 90, 70, and 50 % of total molasses' mass remained after 12, 63, and 267 days in System A and 12, 65, and 291 days in System B, respectively. This study demonstrates that SRM system can provide a remedial alternative for long-term in situ treatment of nitrate-contaminated groundwater.