Remediation of phenol contaminated soil using persulfate activated by ball-milled colloidal activated carbon

Sivasankar Annamalai, Ardie Septian, Jiyeon Choi, Won Sik Shin

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

19 Scopus citations

Abstract

The degradation of phenolic compounds through persulfate (PS) activation is a valuable approach for soil/groundwater remediation. Several reports have been made related to PS activation and contaminant degradation using carbo-catalysts; however, there is no detailed study on soil remediation by colloidal activated carbon. This study demonstrates the phenol (PhOH) degradation efficiency in spiked and field-contaminated soils by a novel and low-cost ball-milled colloidal activated carbon (CACBM) catalyst. The CACBM/PS system exhibited outstanding degradation performance for PhOH in both spiked and field-contaminated soils. Optimum condition for degradation of 5.63 mmol PhOH kg soil−1 was achieved at 2.5 mg CACBM g soil−1, 5 mM PS, and a solid-liquid ratio of 1:5 at 25 °C in the wide pH range of 3–11. Radical scavenger experiments and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy revealed that both radical (OH and SO4•–) and non-radical (1O2) species were involved in the CACBM/PS system. PhOH degradation in soil phase followed several degradation pathways, resulting in various intermediate byproducts such as acetic acid, maleic acid, p-benzoquinone, fumaric acid, and ferulic acid as analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectroscopy (UPLC−MS). The CACBM/PS system showed a promising potential in the remediation of organic-contaminated soil.

Original languageEnglish
Article number114709
JournalJournal of Environmental Management
Volume310
DOIs
StatePublished - 15 May 2022

Keywords

  • Advanced oxidation process
  • Colloidal activated carbon
  • Non-radical mechanism
  • Oxidation kinetics
  • Soil remediation

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