Strategies for electric vehicle bidding in the German frequency containment and restoration reserves market

Germany's transition to renewable energy sources for a sustainable future has introduced variability and instability in the national power grid, thus necessitating innovative solutions to ensure grid stability and reliable energy supply. The integration of electric vehicles (EVs) in the German balancing market, notably within the frequency containment reserve and automatic frequency restoration reserve sectors, is a potential stabilizing force. However, the complexity of this integration, governed by specific rules in the German energy sector, has not been fully explored. To bridge this gap, a robust schedule that maximizes the economic viability and reliability of EV integration by considering critical elements such as uniform product size, alignment with local market product duration, and customer baseline load is proposed in this study. Mixed-integer linear programming is used for the effective integration of EVs in the German balancing market. This framework emphasizes computational efficiency, providing market participants with precise insights into EV behavior and strategies for energy storage optimization. The effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method are substantiated through case studies. The proposed method consistently achieved maximum profit and a significant reduction in the number of failed cases, which underscores its applicability in real-world scenarios.