Tailoring Photoelectrochemical Performance and Stability of Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ Photocathode via TiO₂-Coupled Buffer Layers

We report on the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance and stability of Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGS)-based photocathodes for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water. Various functional overlayers, such as CdS, TiO₂, Zn_xSn_yO_z, and a combination of the aforementioned, were applied on the CIGS to improve the performance and stability. We identified that the insertion of TiO₂ overlayer on p-CIGS/n-buffer layers significantly improves the PEC performance. A multilayered photocathode consisting of CIGS/CdS/TiO₂/Pt exhibited the best current-potential characteristics among the tested photocathodes, which demonstrates a power-saved efficiency of 2.63%. However, repeated linear sweep voltammetry resulted in degradation of performance. In this regard, we focused on the PEC durability issues through in-depth chemical characterization that revealed the degradation was attributed to atomic redistribution of elements constituting the photocathode, namely, in-diffusion of Pt catalysts, out-diffusion of elements from the CIGS, and removal of the metal-oxide layers; the best-performing CIGS/CdS/TiO₂/Pt photocathode retained its initial performance until the TiO₂ overlayer was removed. It was also found that the durability of CIGS photocathodes with a TiO₂-coated metal-oxide buffer layer such as Zn_xSn_yO_z was better than those with a TiO₂-coated CdS, and the degradation mechanism was different, suggesting that the stability of a CIGS-based photocathode can be improved by careful design of the structure.