The anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of Korean black ginseng

Yuan Yee Lee; Evelyn Saba; Muhammad Irfan; Minki Kim; Jireh Yi Le Chan; Byeong Seon Jeon; Sung Keun Choi; Man Hee Rhee

doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.186

The anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of Korean black ginseng

Yuan Yee Lee, Evelyn Saba, Muhammad Irfan, Minki Kim, Jireh Yi Le Chan, Byeong Seon Jeon, Sung Keun Choi, Man Hee Rhee

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

38 Scopus citations

Abstract

Background: Different processing conditions alter the ginseng bioactive compounds, promoting or reducing its anti-inflammatory effects. We compared black ginseng (BG) – that have been steamed 5 times – with red ginseng (RG). Hypothesis/ Purpose: To compare the anti-inflammatory activities and the anti-nociceptive properties of RG and BG. Methods: Nitric Oxide (NO) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay, quantitative Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot, xylene-induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced paw edema Results: The ginsenoside contents were confirmed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and has been altered through increased processing. The highest concentration of these extracts inhibited NO production to near-basal levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 without exhibiting cytotoxicity. Pro-inflammatory cytokine expression at the mRNA level was investigated using qRT-PCR. Comparatively, BG exhibited better inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators, iNOS and COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β IL-6 and TNF-α. Protein expression was determined using western blot analysis and BG exhibited stronger inhibition. Xylene-induced ear edema model in mice and carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats were carried out and tested with the effects of ginseng as well as dexamethasone and indomethacin - commonly used drugs. BG is a more potent anti-inflammatory agent, possesses anti-nociceptive properties, and has a strong potency comparable to the NSAIDs. Conclusion: BG has more potent anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects due to the change in ginsenoside component with increased processing.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	169-181
Number of pages	13
Journal	Phytomedicine
Volume	54
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.186
State	Published - 15 Feb 2019

Keywords

Abbreviations: TLR, Toll-like receptor
Anti-inflammation
Anti-nociceptive
Black ginseng
COX-2, Cyclooxygenase-2
Carrageenan-induced paw edema
ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinases
FBS, Fetal bovine serum
I , Maximal inhibition
IKK, inhibitor of kappa B kinase
IL, Interleukin
IκB/α inhibitor kappa B-alpha
JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinases
LPS, Lipopolysaccharides
MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinases
NF-κB, Nuclear factor Kappa-B
NO, Nitric oxide
Panax ginseng
TLR, Toll-like receptors
TNF-α Tumor necrotic factor alpha
TRPV-1, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1
Xylene-induced ear edema
iNOS, inducible NO synthase

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10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.186

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@article{d7d62d85f11d4a5e93c8780569512115,

title = "The anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of Korean black ginseng",

abstract = "Background: Different processing conditions alter the ginseng bioactive compounds, promoting or reducing its anti-inflammatory effects. We compared black ginseng (BG) – that have been steamed 5 times – with red ginseng (RG). Hypothesis/ Purpose: To compare the anti-inflammatory activities and the anti-nociceptive properties of RG and BG. Methods: Nitric Oxide (NO) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay, quantitative Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot, xylene-induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced paw edema Results: The ginsenoside contents were confirmed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and has been altered through increased processing. The highest concentration of these extracts inhibited NO production to near-basal levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 without exhibiting cytotoxicity. Pro-inflammatory cytokine expression at the mRNA level was investigated using qRT-PCR. Comparatively, BG exhibited better inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators, iNOS and COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β IL-6 and TNF-α. Protein expression was determined using western blot analysis and BG exhibited stronger inhibition. Xylene-induced ear edema model in mice and carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats were carried out and tested with the effects of ginseng as well as dexamethasone and indomethacin - commonly used drugs. BG is a more potent anti-inflammatory agent, possesses anti-nociceptive properties, and has a strong potency comparable to the NSAIDs. Conclusion: BG has more potent anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects due to the change in ginsenoside component with increased processing.",

keywords = "Abbreviations: TLR, Toll-like receptor, Anti-inflammation, Anti-nociceptive, Black ginseng, COX-2, Cyclooxygenase-2, Carrageenan-induced paw edema, ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinases, FBS, Fetal bovine serum, I , Maximal inhibition, IKK, inhibitor of kappa B kinase, IL, Interleukin, IκB/α inhibitor kappa B-alpha, JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinases, LPS, Lipopolysaccharides, MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinases, NF-κB, Nuclear factor Kappa-B, NO, Nitric oxide, Panax ginseng, TLR, Toll-like receptors, TNF-α Tumor necrotic factor alpha, TRPV-1, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, Xylene-induced ear edema, iNOS, inducible NO synthase",

author = "Lee, {Yuan Yee} and Evelyn Saba and Muhammad Irfan and Minki Kim and Chan, {Jireh Yi Le} and Jeon, {Byeong Seon} and Choi, {Sung Keun} and Rhee, {Man Hee}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018 Elsevier GmbH",

year = "2019",

month = feb,

day = "15",

doi = "10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.186",

language = "English",

volume = "54",

pages = "169--181",

journal = "Phytomedicine",

issn = "0944-7113",

publisher = "Elsevier GmbH",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - The anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of Korean black ginseng

AU - Lee, Yuan Yee

AU - Saba, Evelyn

AU - Irfan, Muhammad

AU - Kim, Minki

AU - Chan, Jireh Yi Le

AU - Jeon, Byeong Seon

AU - Choi, Sung Keun

AU - Rhee, Man Hee

PY - 2019/2/15

Y1 - 2019/2/15

N2 - Background: Different processing conditions alter the ginseng bioactive compounds, promoting or reducing its anti-inflammatory effects. We compared black ginseng (BG) – that have been steamed 5 times – with red ginseng (RG). Hypothesis/ Purpose: To compare the anti-inflammatory activities and the anti-nociceptive properties of RG and BG. Methods: Nitric Oxide (NO) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay, quantitative Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot, xylene-induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced paw edema Results: The ginsenoside contents were confirmed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and has been altered through increased processing. The highest concentration of these extracts inhibited NO production to near-basal levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 without exhibiting cytotoxicity. Pro-inflammatory cytokine expression at the mRNA level was investigated using qRT-PCR. Comparatively, BG exhibited better inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators, iNOS and COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β IL-6 and TNF-α. Protein expression was determined using western blot analysis and BG exhibited stronger inhibition. Xylene-induced ear edema model in mice and carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats were carried out and tested with the effects of ginseng as well as dexamethasone and indomethacin - commonly used drugs. BG is a more potent anti-inflammatory agent, possesses anti-nociceptive properties, and has a strong potency comparable to the NSAIDs. Conclusion: BG has more potent anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects due to the change in ginsenoside component with increased processing.

AB - Background: Different processing conditions alter the ginseng bioactive compounds, promoting or reducing its anti-inflammatory effects. We compared black ginseng (BG) – that have been steamed 5 times – with red ginseng (RG). Hypothesis/ Purpose: To compare the anti-inflammatory activities and the anti-nociceptive properties of RG and BG. Methods: Nitric Oxide (NO) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay, quantitative Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot, xylene-induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced paw edema Results: The ginsenoside contents were confirmed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and has been altered through increased processing. The highest concentration of these extracts inhibited NO production to near-basal levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 without exhibiting cytotoxicity. Pro-inflammatory cytokine expression at the mRNA level was investigated using qRT-PCR. Comparatively, BG exhibited better inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators, iNOS and COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β IL-6 and TNF-α. Protein expression was determined using western blot analysis and BG exhibited stronger inhibition. Xylene-induced ear edema model in mice and carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats were carried out and tested with the effects of ginseng as well as dexamethasone and indomethacin - commonly used drugs. BG is a more potent anti-inflammatory agent, possesses anti-nociceptive properties, and has a strong potency comparable to the NSAIDs. Conclusion: BG has more potent anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects due to the change in ginsenoside component with increased processing.

KW - Abbreviations: TLR, Toll-like receptor

KW - Anti-inflammation

KW - Anti-nociceptive

KW - Black ginseng

KW - COX-2, Cyclooxygenase-2

KW - Carrageenan-induced paw edema

KW - ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinases

KW - FBS, Fetal bovine serum

KW - I , Maximal inhibition

KW - IKK, inhibitor of kappa B kinase

KW - IL, Interleukin

KW - IκB/α inhibitor kappa B-alpha

KW - JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinases

KW - LPS, Lipopolysaccharides

KW - MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinases

KW - NF-κB, Nuclear factor Kappa-B

KW - NO, Nitric oxide

KW - Panax ginseng

KW - TLR, Toll-like receptors

KW - TNF-α Tumor necrotic factor alpha

KW - TRPV-1, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1

KW - Xylene-induced ear edema

KW - iNOS, inducible NO synthase

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85055751230&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.186

DO - 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.186

M3 - Article

C2 - 30668366

AN - SCOPUS:85055751230

SN - 0944-7113

VL - 54

SP - 169

EP - 181

JO - Phytomedicine

JF - Phytomedicine

ER -

The anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of Korean black ginseng

Abstract

Keywords

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