Venous cerebral blood volume mapping in the whole brain using venous-spin-labeled 3D turbo spin echo

Purpose: Venous cerebral blood volume (CBV_v) is a major contributor to BOLD contrast, and therefore is an important parameter for understanding the underlying mechanism. Here, we propose a velocity-selective venous spin labeling (VS-VSL)-prepared 3D turbo spin echo pulse sequence for whole-brain baseline CBV_v mapping. Methods: Unlike previous CBV_v measurement techniques that exploit the interrelationship between BOLD signals and CBV_v, in the proposed VS-VSL technique both arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) signals were suppressed before the VS pulse train for exclusive labeling of venous blood, while a single-slab 3D turbo spin echo readout was used because of its relative immunity to magnetic field variations. Furthermore, two approximations were made to the VS-VSL signal model for simplified derivation of CBV_v. In vivo studies were performed at 3T field strength in 8 healthy subjects. The performance of the proposed VS-VSL method in baseline CBV_v estimation was first evaluated in comparison to the existing, hyperoxia-based method. Then, data were also acquired using VS-VSL under hypercapnic and hyperoxic gas breathing challenges for further validation of the technique. Results: The proposed technique yielded physiologically plausible baseline CBV_v values, and when compared with the hyperoxia-based method, showed no statistical difference. Furthermore, data acquired using VS-VSL yielded average CBV_v of 2.89%/1.78%, 3.71%/2.29%, and 2.88%/1.76% for baseline, hypercapnia, and hyperoxia, respectively, in gray/white matter regions. As expected, hyperoxia had negligible effect (P >.8), whereas hypercapnia demonstrated vasodilation (P <<.01). Conclusion: Upon further validation of the quantification model, the method is expected to have merit for 3D CBV_v measurements across the entire brain.